Major Pests of Watermelon: Identification, Damage Symptoms & Integrated Management

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Watermelon is a high-value commercial crop, but its productivity is often affected by a range of insect pests that attack at different crop stages from seedling to fruit maturity. Early diagnosis and timely management are essential to prevent yield loss.

This guide covers the six major pests of watermelon, their identification, symptoms, and effective IPM-based control measures.

1. Red Pumpkin Beetle

Scientific Name: Aulacophora foveicollis
Damaging Stage: Larva & Adult
Crop Stage Affected: Seedling / Vegetative Stage

Symptoms of Damage

• Numerous holes and ragged feeding marks on leaves
• Skeletonization of leaves (only veins left) in severe attack
• Larvae feed on roots & underground stems → plants wilt, rot, and become stunted
• Flowers and developing fruits may be chewed, lowering yield

Management

Cultural & Physical Control

1. Crop rotation and field hygiene: Deep ploughing after harvest exposes pupae.
2. Early sowing: Helps seedlings escape peak beetle activity.
3. Handpicking: Collect and destroy adult beetles in early morning.
4. Field sanitation: Remove infested leaves/fruits and destroy.
5. Trap crops: Plant ribbed gourd around field borders.
6. Seedling protection: Use mosquito net or polybag covers.
7. Soil treatment: Mix neem cake in soil to reduce larval stage.

Chemical Control

2. Fruit Fly

Scientific Name: Bactrocera cucurbitae
Damaging Stage: Maggot
Crop Stage Affected: Fruiting Stage

Symptoms of Damage

• Small puncture marks on rind where eggs are laid
• Oozing of watery fluid that hardens into brown resin
• Larvae tunnel inside fruit → rot, decay & premature fruit drop
• Misshapen and low-market value fruits

ManagementMonitoring & Trapping

• Use para-pheromone traps (Cue-lure / Methyl Eugenol)
• 25 traps per hectare with insecticide bait (malathion)

Cultural Control

• Collect & destroy damaged / fallen fruits
• Plough field after harvest to expose pupae
• Use trap crop (e.g., ribbed gourd)

Biological Control

• Release parasitic wasps
• Neem oil spray @ 2–3 ml/litre

Chemical Control

3. Thrips

Scientific Name: Thrips tabaci
Damaging Stage: Larva & Adult
Crop Stage Affected: Vegetative, Flowering & Fruiting

Symptoms

• Silvery white speckling on leaves, leaf curling & drying
• Stunted growth & distorted fruits
• Flower drop → reduced fruit formation

Management

Cultural & Mechanical

• Maintain weed-free field
• Remove infested seedlings during transplanting
• Intermittent irrigation / flooding reduces thrips population
• Use resistant varieties where available

Biological Control

• Predatory mites (Cucumeris, Swirskii)
• Minute pirate bugs (Orius spp.)
• Lacewings

Chemical Control

4. Aphids

Scientific Names:

• Myzus persicae (Peach Aphid)
• Aphis gossypii (Melon Aphid)
  Vector for: Watermelon Mosaic Virus
  Damaging Stage: Nymph & Adult
  Crop Stage Affected: Seedling – Flowering

Symptoms

• Leaf curling, yellowing & distortion
• Sticky honeydew secretion → sooty mould on leaves
• Stunted vines & reduced vigour

Management

Integrated Pest Management

• Encourage ladybird beetles, lacewings, parasitoid wasps
• Avoid excess nitrogen fertilizers
• Maintain uniform spacing & avoid overlapping fields

Chemical Control

5. Whitefly

Scientific Name: Bemisia tabaci
Vector for: Watermelon Leaf Curl Virus
Damaging Stage: Nymph & Adult
Crop Stage Affected: Vegetative & Flowering

Symptoms

• Yellowing, leaf curling, reduced plant vigour
• Honeydew → black sooty mould
• Virus transmission leading to distorted fruits & yield loss

Management

Cultural Control

• Yellow sticky traps
• Reflective mulch at planting
• Remove weed hosts like Abutilon indicum
• Avoid excess nitrogen
• Rogue virus-infected plants
• Crop rotation / intercropping with non-hosts

Chemical Control

6. Red Spider Mite

Scientific Name: Tetranychus urticae
Damaging Stage: Adult
Crop Stage Affected: Veg, Flowering & Fruiting

Symptoms

• Yellow speckling → bronzed / scorched leaves
• Webbing on lower leaf surface
• Stunted growth & poor fruit quality
• Severe cases may cause plant death

Management

Cultural Control

• Remove & destroy infested leaves (do not compost)
• Wash leaves with water to knock down mites
• Release predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (1–2 mites/leaf)

Chemical Control

Conclusion

Adopting an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy—combining field sanitation, monitoring, natural predators, crop rotation, and need-based chemical spray—helps minimize pest damage and reduces resistance buildup.

Watermelon growers should implement preventive measures early, monitor field regularly, and follow safe spraying intervals for residue-free and profitable production.

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